Page Object Model (POM)

Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern widely used in test automation that creates a class for each web page or component. Each page object encapsulates the page's elements and actions, keeping test code clean and maintainable.

Without POM (fragile): ``` await page.click('#login-btn'); await page.fill('#user-email', 'test@test.com'); ```

With POM (maintainable): ``` const loginPage = new LoginPage(page); await loginPage.login('test@test.com', 'password'); ```

Benefits:

• Single responsibility: If a locator changes, update one place
• Reusability: Login action used across many tests
• Readability: Tests read like user stories
• Maintainability: UI changes require updating page objects, not tests

Best practices:

• One page object per page/component
• Expose only meaningful actions (not raw elements)
• Return new page objects for navigation (login() returns DashboardPage)
• Don't put assertions in page objects — keep them in tests